The same problem appeared in Germany's Panzerhaubitze 2000, which was under development. The driving force was very different depending on the driving angle. ![]() The balancing machine, which increased the capacity of the existing hydraulic balancing machine, did not sufficiently compensate for the imbalance moment value due to the change in the position of the armament. The next year, researchers found that the disproportionate moment of the 52-caliber was twice of the K55. Therefore, developers pursued a domestic electrohydraulic driving system, using the experience in turret design and turret driving devices of the K1 MBT. The developer also visited Marconi, but the negotiations ended with an unsatisfactory result due to a high requested price. Instead, the company offered the AS-90 for sale. In September 1990, a Korean developer visited the United Kingdom in search of turret design technology which was known to have been developed by British Vickers for AS-90. The first firing test was held in January 1992 but experienced many problems due to design errors. The first domestic design was prepared by extending and modifying the 155 mm 39 caliber gun used for the KH179. In 1989, the only design data the researchers could obtain at that time were the provisions of the four-nation ballistic agreements, namely the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy, to secure the homogeneity of the ammunitions-the new 52 caliber gun fires a NATO standard ammunition (L15A1) at a speed of 945 m per second from chamber volume of 3,556 cm 3. Early concepts requested by the military included river crossing capability and the installation of M61 Vulcan as an anti-air weapon, which were later removed due to being unnecessary for such a long-range weapon. As a result, and at the beginning of K9 development, the ADD was determined to create a new weapon system and worked on a conceptual model until 1991. In 1987, the ADD offered an upgrade plan to the existing K55 inspired by the United States' M109 Howitzer Improvement Program (HIP), but was rejected by the Republic of Korea Army in 1988. They saw that burst fire and quick relocation would become the dominant factor in artillery battles and built an automatic loading system for testing in 1984. Since 1983, the ADD researchers have been collecting and analyzing data for future artillery. ![]() The development started in 1989 and was led by the Agency for Defense Development (ADD) and Samsung Aerospace Industries (now Hanwha Defense). With the success in designing and manufacturing the KH178 105 mm and KH179 155 mm Towed Howitzers, and experience gained by license producing the K55 (KM109A2), the Ministry of Defense ordered the development of a new system that would have a longer firing range, faster firing rate, and high mobility. However, they had shorter firing ranges compared to M-1978 Koksan and were outnumbered by various North Korean artillery. The armed forces operated M107 self-propelled guns and K55 self-propelled howitzers. In the 1980s, the ROK Armed Forces came in need of a new artillery system to contest North Korean equipment. Northwest island maritime firing exercise of South Korean Marine Corps
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